The socio-cultural dynamics of children’s relationships and mental health: an investigation of street children in Pakistan

Abstract

The phenomenon of street children in Pakistan is complex and multifaceted, deeply intertwined with social and cultural dynamics. Previously, the topic has not been examined through a comprehensive lens. Therefore, this PhD project was designed to thoroughly investigate the phenomenon, from exploring the lived experiences of street children to proposing targeted interventions for the future. The project is structured into three progressive studies, each building on the findings of the previous one. Study 1 was exploratory, involving interviews with 25 street children in Lahore, Pakistan, to understand the reasons they end up on the streets. Through narrative analysis, seven themes were identified, leading to three core narratives: "Born in Poverty," "Parental Illness/Death," and "Working while Attending School." The findings suggest that street life is primarily a consequence of factors such as poverty, an inadequate education system, abuse, or the need to escape adverse conditions. These factors are understood through the lenses of cultural and socioeconomic perspectives. Study 2 was quantitative and assessed common mental health symptoms among street children compared to their school-attending peers. The study involved 116 street children and 116 school-going children, using measures to evaluate mental well-being, trauma, and relationships. The results showed significant differences, with street children exhibiting greater vulnerability to poor mental health outcomes. Study 3 incorporated grounded theory to engage directly with the target population (street children), their parents, the general public, and stakeholders to determine the needs for a potential intervention. The results yielded that a holistic approach is necessary to address the multifaceted issues faced by street children in Pakistan. This approach would integrate financial, psychological, social, and educational support to ensure long-term sustainability. In conclusion, this PhD project highlights important theoretical and practical implications for policymakers and provides a foundation for addressing the needs of street children in the local context of Pakistan. The research underlines the urgency of developing informed, culturally sensitive policies and interventions that address both the immediate and long-term needs of street children.