Impact of intensified training and carbohydrate supplementation on immunity and markers of overreaching in highly trained cyclists
Authors
Svendsen, Ida S.Killer, Sophie C.
Carter, James M.
Randell, Rebecca K.
Jeukendrup, Asker E.
Gleeson, Michael
Issue Date
2016-02-23Subjects
lymphocyteoverreaching
ACTH
cytokine
interleukin
cortisol
Subject Categories::C600 Sports Science
Metadata
Show full item recordAbstract
Purpose: To determine effects of intensified training (IT) and carbohydrate supplementation on overreaching and immunity. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 13 male cyclists (age 25 ± 6 years, (Formula presented.) 72 ± 5 ml/kg/min) completed two 8-day periods of IT. On one occasion, participants ingested 2 % carbohydrate (L-CHO) beverages before, during and after training sessions. On the second occasion, 6 % carbohydrate (H-CHO) solutions were ingested before, during and after training, with the addition of 20 g of protein in the post-exercise beverage. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after incremental exercise to fatigue on days 1 and 9. Results: In both trials, IT resulted in decreased peak power (375 ± 37 vs. 391 ± 37 W, P < 0.001), maximal heart rate (179 ± 8 vs. 190 ± 10 bpm, P < 0.001) and haematocrit (39 ± 2 vs. 42 ± 2 %, P < 0.001), and increased plasma volume (P < 0.001). Resting plasma cortisol increased while plasma ACTH decreased following IT (P < 0.05), with no between-trial differences. Following IT, antigen-stimulated whole blood culture production of IL-1α was higher in L-CHO than H-CHO (0.70 (95 % CI 0.52–0.95) pg/ml versus 0.33 (0.24–0.45) pg/ml, P < 0.01), as was production of IL-1β (9.3 (95 % CI 7–10.4) pg/ml versus 6.0 (5.0–7.8) pg/ml, P < 0.05). Circulating total leukocytes (P < 0.05) and neutrophils (P < 0.01) at rest increased following IT, as did neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio and percentage CD4+ lymphocytes (P < 0.05), with no between-trial differences. Conclusion: IT resulted in symptoms consistent with overreaching, although immunological changes were modest. Higher carbohydrate intake was not able to alleviate physiological/immunological disturbances.Citation
Svendsen I, Killer S, Carter J, Randell R, Jeukendrup A, Gleeson M (2016) 'Impact of intensified training and carbohydrate supplementation on immunity and markers of overreaching in highly trained cyclists', European Journal of Applied Physiology, 116 (5), pp.867-877.Publisher
Springer VerlagPubMed ID
26908041PubMed Central ID
PMC4834106Additional Links
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00421-016-3340-zType
ArticleLanguage
enISSN
1439-6319EISSN
1439-6327ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
10.1007/s00421-016-3340-z
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