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    Associations between breakfast frequency and adiposity indicators in children from 12 countries

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    Authors
    Zakrzewski-Fruer, Julia K.
    Gillison, F.B.
    Cumming, S.
    Church, T.S.
    Katzmarzyk, P.T.
    Broyles, Stephanie T.
    Champagne, C.M.
    Chaput, J-P.
    Denstel, K.D.
    Fogelholm, M.
    Hu, G.
    Kuriyan, R.
    Kurpad, A.
    Lambert, E.V.
    Maher, C.
    Maia, J.
    Matsudo, V.
    Mire, E.F.
    Olds, T.
    Onywera, V.
    Sarmiento, O.L.
    Tremblay, M.S.
    Tudor-Locke, C.
    Zhao, P.
    Standage, M.
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    Issue Date
    2015-12-08
    Subjects
    breakfast
    C600 Sports Science
    adiposity
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Abstract
    OBJECTIVES: Reports of inverse associations between breakfast frequency and indices of obesity are predominantly based on samples of children from high-income countries with limited socioeconomic diversity. Using data from the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE), the present study examined associations between breakfast frequency and adiposity in a sample of 9–11-year-old children from 12 countries representing a wide range of geographic and socio-cultural variability. METHODS: Multilevel statistical models were used to examine associations between breakfast frequency (independent variable) and adiposity indicators (dependent variables: body mass index (BMI) z-score and body fat percentage (BF%)), adjusting for age, sex, and parental education in 6941 children from 12 ISCOLE study sites. Associations were also adjusted for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns and sleep time in a sub-sample (n=5710). Where interactions with site were significant, results were stratified by site. RESULTS: Adjusted mean BMI z-score and BF% for frequent breakfast consumers were 0.45 and 20.5%, respectively. Frequent breakfast consumption was associated with lower BMI z-scores compared with occasional (P<0.0001, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.10–0.29) and rare (P<0.0001, 95% CI: 0.18–0.46) consumption, as well as lower BF% compared with occasional (P<0.0001, 95% CI: 0.86–1.99) and rare (P<0.0001, 95% CI: 1.07–2.76). Associations with BMI z-score varied by site (breakfast by site interaction; P=0.033): associations were non-significant in three sites (Australia, Finland and Kenya), and occasional (not rare) consumption was associated with higher BMI z-scores compared with frequent consumption in three sites (Canada, Portugal and South Africa). Sub-sample analyses adjusting for additional covariates showed similar associations between breakfast and adiposity indicators, but lacked site interactions. CONCLUSIONS: In a multinational sample of children, more frequent breakfast consumption was associated with lower BMI z-scores and BF% compared with occasional and rare consumption. Associations were not consistent across all 12 countries. Further research is required to understand global differences in the observed associations.
    Citation
    Zakrzewski JK , Gillison FB , Cumming S, Church TS, Katzmarzyk PT, Broyles ST, Champagne CM, Chaput J-P, Denstel KD, Fogelholm M, Hu G, Kuriyan R, Kurpad A, Lambert EV, Maher C, Maia J, Matsudo V, Mire EF, Olds T, Onywera V, Sarmiento OL, Tremblay MS, Tudor-Locke C, Zhao P, Standage M (2015) 'Associations between breakfast frequency and adiposity indicators in children from 12 countries', International Journal of Obesity Supplements, 5, pp.s80-s88.
    Publisher
    Nature Publishing Group
    Journal
    International Journal of Obesity Supplements
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10547/622186
    DOI
    10.1038/ijosup.2015.24
    PubMed ID
    27152190
    PubMed Central ID
    PMC4850625
    Additional Links
    http://www.nature.com/ijosup/journal/v5/n2s/full/ijosup201524a.html?foxtrotcallback=true
    Type
    Article
    Language
    en
    ISSN
    2046-2166
    EISSN
    2046-2166
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1038/ijosup.2015.24
    Scopus Count
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    Sport and physical activity

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