RSS 1.0Engineering
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Characteristics of near-nozzle spray development from a fouled GDI injectorThe near-nozzle spray development of a typical fouled gasoline direct injection (GDI) injector was investigated. The fouled injector had been used in a stratified-charge combustion GDI engine and showed typical characteristics, such as accumulated deposits inside and around the nozzles and a reduced flow rate of 2.9–5.7%. Back-illumination and Mie-scattering methods were employed in spray experiments, in conjunction with a high speed camera and a macro lens, to assess the near-nozzle spray behaviors. The experimental results show that at all injection pressures tested, the interaction between deposits and spray led to several poor spray behaviors during the full injection evolution, including spray distortion, residual fuel storage in the nozzles and deposits layer, liquid splashing, the formation of ligament and large droplets and tip wetting/dripping. These effects all may result in high soot emissions. The after-injection stage of the fouled injector produced more liquid ligaments than that of the new injector. It was also found that high injection pressures did not improve atomization during after-injection, nor reduce the amounts of ligaments and droplet clusters beyond the main spray boundary. The plume width and projected spray area of a single nozzle in the fouled injector were decreased by 5–7% and 17–20%, respectively, due to fuel flow losses. The delays in the start of injection and end of injection were approximately 20 μs and 30–40 μs, respectively.
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A novel fuzzy logic variable geometry turbocharger and exhaust gas recirculation control scheme for optimizing the performance and emissions of a diesel engineVariable geometry turbocharger and exhaust gas recirculation valves are widely installed on diesel engines to allow optimized control of intake air mass flow and exhaust gas recirculation ratio. The positions of variable geometry turbocharger vanes and exhaust gas recirculation valve are predominantly regulated by dual-loop proportional–integral–derivative controllers to achieve predefined set-points of intake air pressure and exhaust gas recirculation mass flow. The setpoints are determined by extensive mapping of the intake air pressure and exhaust gas recirculation mass flow against various engine speeds and loads concerning engine performance and emissions. However, due to the inherent nonlinearities of diesel engines and the strong interferences between variable geometry turbocharger and exhaust gas recirculation, an extensive map of gains for the P, I, and D terms of the proportional–integral–derivative controllers is required to achieve desired control performance. The present simulation study proposes a novel fuzzy logic control scheme to determine appropriate positions of variable geometry turbocharger vanes and exhaust gas recirculation valve in realtime. Once determined, the actual positions of the vanes and valve are regulated by two local proportional–integral–derivative controllers. The fuzzy logic control rules are derived based on an understanding of the interactions among the variable geometry turbocharger, exhaust gas recirculation, and diesel engine. The results obtained from an experimentally validated one-dimensional transient diesel engine model showed that the proposed fuzzy logic control scheme is capable of efficiently optimizing variable geometry turbocharger and exhaust gas recirculation positions under transient engine operating conditions in real-time. Compared to the baseline proportional–integral–derivative controllers approach, both engine’s efficiency and total turbo efficiency have been improved by the proposed fuzzy logic control scheme while NOx and soot emissions have been significantly reduced by 34% and 82%, respectively.
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Fabrication of periodically micropatterned magnetite nanoparticles by laser-interference-controlled electrodepositionThis paper introduces a laser-interference-controlled electrochemical deposition method for direct fabrication of periodically micropatterned magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs). In this work, Fe3O4 NPs were controllably synthesized on the areas where the photoconductive electrode was exposed to the periodically patterned interferometric laser irradiation during the electrodeposition. Thus, the micropattern of Fe3O4 NPs was controlled by interferometric laser pattern, and the crystallization of the particles was controlled by laser interference intensity and electrochemical deposition conditions. The bottom-up electrochemical approach was combined with a top-down laser interference methodology. This maskless method allows for in situ fabrication of periodically patterned magnetite NPs on the microscale by electrodeposition under room temperature and atmospheric pressure conditions. In the experiment, Fe3O4 NPs with the mean grain size below 100 nm in the pattern of 5-lm line array were achieved within the deposition time of 100 s. The experiment results have shown that the proposed method is a one-step approach in fabricating large areas of periodically micropatterned magnetite NPs.
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Passive localization through light flicker fingerprintingIn this paper, we show that the flicker waveforms of various CFL and LED lamp models exhibit distinctive waveform patterns due to harmonic distortions of rectifiers and voltage regulators, the key components of modern lamp drivers. We then propose a passive localization technique based on fingerprinting these distortions that occur naturally in indoor environments and thus requires no infrastructure or additional equipment. The novel technique uses principal component analysis (PCA) to extract the most important signal features from the flicker frequency spectra followed by kNN clustering and neural net- work classifiers to identify a light source based on its flicker signature. The evaluation on 39 flicker patterns collected from 8 residential locations demonstrates that the technique can identify a location within a house with up to 90% accuracy and identify an individual house from a set of houses with an average accuracy of 86.3%.
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Experimental investigation into the effect of magnetic fuel reforming on diesel combustion and emissions running on wheat germ and pine oilThe present study aims to explore the effect of fuel ionisation on engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a twin cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine running on biofuel. Wheat germ oil (WGO) and pine oil (PO) have been identified as diesel fuel surrogates with high and low viscosities, respectively. High viscosity biofuels result in incomplete combustion due to poor atomisation and vaporisation which ultimately leads to insufficient fuel and air mixing to form a combustible mixture. Consequently, engines running on this type of fuel suffer from lower brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and higher soot emissions. In contrast, low viscosity biofuels exhibit superior combustion characteristics however they have a low cetane number which causes longer ignition delay and therefore higher NO emission. To overcome the limitations of both fuels, a fuel ionisation filter (FIF) with a permanent magnet is installed before the fuel pump which electrochemically ionises the fuel molecules and aids in quick dispersion of the ions. The engine used in this investigation is a twin cylinder tractor engine that runs at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. The engine was initially run on diesel to warm-up before switching to WGO and PO, this was mainly due to poor cold start performance characteristics of both fuels. At 100% load, brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for WGO is reduced by 4% compared to diesel and improved by 7% with FIF. In contrast, BTE for PO is 4% higher compared to diesel, however, FIF has minimal effect on BTE when running on PO. Although, smoke, HC and CO emissions were higher for WGO compared to diesel, they were lower with FIF due to improved combustion. These emissions were consistently lower for PO due to superior combustion performance, mainly attributed to low viscosity of the fuel. However, NO emission for PO (1610 ppm) is higher compared to diesel (1580 ppm) at 100% load and reduced with FIF (1415 ppm). NO emission is reduced by approximately 12% for PO+FIF compared to PO. The results suggest that FIF has the potential to improve the combustion performance and reduce NO emission of high viscosity and low viscosity biofuels, respectively.
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Robot task planning in deterministic and probabilistic conditions using semantic knowledge baseA new method is proposed to increase the reliability of generating symbolic plans by extending the Semantic-Knowledge Based (SKB) plan generation to take into account the amount of information and uncertainty related to existing objects, their types and properties, as well as their relationships with each other. This approach constructs plans by depending on probabilistic values which are derived from learning statistical relational models such as Markov Logic Networks (MLN). An MLN module is established for probabilistic learning and inference together with semantic information to provide a basis for plausible learning and reasoning services in support of robot task-planning. The MLN module is constructed by using an algorithm to transform the knowledge stored in SKB to types, predicates and formulas which represent the main building block for this module. Following this, the semantic domain knowledge is used to derive implicit expectations of world states and the effects of the action which is nominated for insertion into the task plan. The expectations are matched with MLN output.
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Advanced engine flows and combustionThe transport sector accounts for a significant part of carbon emissions worldwide, and so the need to mitigate the greenhouse effect of CO2 from fossil fuel combustion, and to reduce vehicle exhaust emissions has been the primary driver for developing cleaner and more efficient vehicle powertrains, and environmentally friendly fuels. As alternatives to combustion engines have yet to overcome technical challenges to attain significant utilisation in the transport sector, piston-driven internal combustion engines and gas turbine aero-engines remain very attractive powertrain options due to their high thermal efficiency. Meanwhile, since the introduction of various emissions standards, that have forced the employment of various aftertreatment systems, the evolution of combustion process has been significant. Advanced combustion strategies have attempted to find in-chamber approaches to either meet these emission standards fully and thus avoid the need to use aftertreatment, or at the very least, to lower the performance demands required from aftertreatment systems and thus reducing their cost and complexity. While the main focus of combustion system development has been recently to lower emissions of CO2, there is also significant interest to lower nitric oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions and other harmful emissions.
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Effects of injection rate profile on combustion process and emissions in a diesel engineWhen multi-injection is implemented in diesel engine via high pressure common-rail injection system, changed interval between injection pulses can induce variation of injection rate profile for sequential injection pulse, though other control parameters are same. Variations of injection rate shape which influence the air-fuel mixing and combustion process will be important for designing injection strategy. In this research, CFD numerical simulations using KIVA-3V were conducted for examining the effects of injection rate shape on diesel combustion and emissions. After the model was validated by experimental results, five different shapes (including rectangle, slope, triangle, trapezoid and wedge) of injection rate profiles were investigated. Modelling results demonstrate that injection rate shape can have obvious influence on heat release process and heat release traces which cause different combustion process and emissions. It is observed that the baseline - rectangle (flat) shape of injection rate can have better balance between NOx and soot emissions than other investigated shapes. As wedge shape brings about the lowest NOx emissions due to retarded heat release, it produces highest soot emissions among five shapes. Trapezoid shape has the lowest soot emissions, while its NOx is not the highest one. The highest NOx emissions was produced by triangle shape due to higher peak injection rate.
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Cooled solar PV panels for output energy efficiency optimisationAs working temperature plays a critical role in influencing solar PV’s electrical output and efficacy, it is necessary to examine possible way for maintaining the appropriate temperature for solar panels. This research is aiming to investigate practical effects of solar PV surface temperature on output performance, in particular efficiency. Experimental works were carried out under different radiation condition for exploring the variation of the output voltage, current, output power and efficiency. After that, the cooling test was conducted to find how much efficiency improvement can be achieved with the cooling condition. As test results show the efficiency of solar PV can have an increasing rate of 47% with the cooled condition, a cooling system is proposed for possible system setup of residential solar PV application. The system performance and life cycle assessment suggest that the annual PV electric output efficiencies can increase up to 35%, and the annual total system energy efficiency including electric output and hot water energy output can increase up to 107%. The cost payback time can be reduced to 12.1 years, compared to 15 years of the baseline of a similar system without cooling sub-system.
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Large Eddy Simulation analysis on confined swirling flows in a gas turbine swirl burnerThis paper describes a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) investigation into flow fields in a model gas turbine combustor equipped with a swirl burner. A probability density function was used to describe the interaction physics of chemical reaction and turbulent flow as liquid fuel was directly injected into the combustion chamber and rapidly mixed with the swirling air. Simulation results showed that heat release during combustion accelerated the axial velocity motion and made the recirculation zone more compact. As the combustion was taking place under lean burn conditions, NO emissions was less than 10 ppm. Finally, the effects of outlet contraction on swirling flows and combustion instability were investigated. Results suggest that contracted outlet can enhance the generation of a Central Vortex Core (CVC) flow structure. As peak RMS of velocity fluctuation profiles at center-line suggested the turbulent instability can be enhanced by CVC motion, the Power Spectrum Density (PSD) amplitude also explained that the oscillation at CVC position was greater than other places. Both evidences demonstrated that outlet contraction can increase the instability of the central field. [m1]Is’t right? Yes.
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Separate and combined effects of hydrogen and nitrogen additions on diesel engine combustionShortage of non-renewable energies, increase in fossil fuel prices and stricter emissions regulations due to high NOx and soot emissions emitted from combustion of heavy diesel fuels by compression ignition engines, has led consumers to use renewable, cleaner and cheap fuels. An investigation has been computationally carried out to explore the influences of hydrogen and nitrogen addition on engine performance such as indicated power and indicated specific energy consumption and amounts of pollutant emissions like NOx, soot, and CO in an HSDI (High-Speed Direct Injection) diesel engine. Optimized sub-models, such as turbulence model, spray model, combustion model and emissions models have selected for the main CFD code. Meanwhile, HF (Homogeneity Factor) has been employed for analysing in-cylinder air-fuel mixing quality under various addition conditions. After validations with experimental data of diesel combustion with a single addition of 4% hydrogen and combined addition of 6% hydrogen + 6% nitrogen, investigations have conducted for modelling mixing and combustion processes with additions of hydrogen and nitrogen by ranges of 2% to 8% (v/v). Results showed that a single addition of H2 increased NOx and decreased CO and soot and improved ISEC and IP. In the case of nitrogen addition, NOx decreased, both CO and soot emission increased and ISEC and IP considerably ruined compared with NDC operation. Based on the results obtained for simultaneous addition of N2 (8% of v/v) and H2 (8% of v/v), NOx and soot emissions decreased by 11.5% and 42.5% respectively, and ISEC and IP improved 25.7% and 13%, respectively. But amount of CO emissions had an increase of 52% should be paid ncecessary attention as a main disadvantage.
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A novel disparity-assisted block matching-based approach for super-resolution of light field imagesCurrently, available plenoptic imaging technology has limited resolution. That makes it challenging to use this technology in applications, where sharpness is essential, such as film industry. Previous attempts aimed at enhancing the spatial resolution of plenoptic light field (LF) images were based on block and patch matching inherited from classical image super-resolution, where multiple views were considered as separate frames. By contrast to these approaches, a novel super-resolution technique is proposed in this paper with a focus on exploiting estimated disparity information to reduce the matching area in the super-resolution process. We estimate the disparity information from the interpolated LR view point images (VPs). We denote our method as light field block matching super-resolution. We additionally combine our novel super-resolution method with directionally adaptive image interpolation from [1] to preserve sharpness of the high-resolution images. We prove a steady gain in the PSNR and SSIM quality of the super-resolved images for the resolution enhancement factor 8x8 as compared to the recent approaches and also to our previous work [2].
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Real-time refocusing using an FPGA-based standard plenoptic cameraPlenoptic cameras are receiving increased attention in scientific and commercial applications because they capture the entire structure of light in a scene, enabling optical transforms (such as focusing) to be applied computationally after the fact, rather than once and for all at the time a picture is taken. In many settings, real-time inter active performance is also desired, which in turn requires significant computational power due to the large amount of data required to represent a plenoptic image. Although GPUs have been shown to provide acceptable performance for real-time plenoptic rendering, their cost and power requirements make them prohibitive for embedded uses (such as in-camera). On the other hand, the computation to accomplish plenoptic rendering is well structured, suggesting the use of specialized hardware. Accordingly, this paper presents an array of switch-driven finite impulse response filters, implemented with FPGA to accomplish high-throughput spatial-domain rendering. The proposed architecture provides a power-efficient rendering hardware design suitable for full-video applications as required in broadcasting or cinematography. A benchmark assessment of the proposed hardware implementation shows that real-time performance can readily be achieved, with a one order of magnitude performance improvement over a GPU implementation and three orders ofmagnitude performance improvement over a general-purpose CPU implementation.
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Improved efficiency of microcrystalline silicon thin film solar cells with wide band-gap CdS buffer layerIn this paper, we have reported a new structure based upon an optical simulation of maximum light trapping and management in microcrystalline silicon thin film solar cells by using multi texture schemes and introducing an n-type cadmium sulphide (CdS) buffer layer with the goal of extreme light coupling and absorption in silicon absorber layer. Photon absorption was improved by optimising the front and back texturing of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layers and variation in buffer layer thickness. We have demonstrated that light trapping can be improved with proposed geometry of 1μm thick crystalline silicon absorber layer below a thin layer of wide band gap material. We have improved the short circuit current densities by 1.35mA/cm2 resulting in a total short circuit current of 25 mA/cm2 and conversion efficiency of 9% with the addition of CdS buffer layer and multi textures, under global AM1.5 conditions. In this study, we have used 2 Dimensional Full Vectorial Finite Element (2DFVFEM) to design and optimize the proposed light propagation in solar cell structure configuration. Our simulation results show that interface morphology of CdS layer thickness and textures with different aspect and ratios have the most prominent influence on solar cell performance in terms of both short circuit current and quantum efficiency.
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Design and study of a circular polarised conical-disc-backed spiral antenna for X-Band applicationsDesign of a conical-disc-backed circular-polarized Archimedean single-arm spiral antenna is presented in this paper. The antenna operation covers the X -band frequencies ranging from 8 to 12 GHz. The antenna makes use of a very simple structure having the single-arm spiral backed by a cone-shaped metallic disc to achieve high gain, circular polarization, and unidirectional symmetric radiation near the boresight. The diameter of the antenna only measures to 40 mm. The simulated and measured results show that the antenna has a very good impedance matching (better than −10 dB), good right-hand circular polarization (with an axial ratio of ≤3 dB) throughout the frequency range of interest, and offers a maximum peak gain of 11.4 dBiC. The presented S11 response and radiation pattern results also show that the antenna offers excellent performance in the X -band with no need of a balun. Antenna usefulness is also established through a detailed parametric study and comparison with a traditional flat disc structure. Compact size, simple design, wide range, and high gain make the proposed antenna design a good choice for radar, terrestrial communications, and satellite/aerospace communications applications.
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Interference mitigation in D2D communication underlaying LTE-A networkThe mobile data traffic has risen exponentially in recent days due to the emergence of data intensive applications, such as online gaming and video sharing. It is driving the telecommunication industry as well as the research community to come up with new paradigms that will support such high data rate requirements within the existing wireless access network, in an efficient and effective manner. To respond to this challenge, device-to-device (D2D) communication in cellular networks is viewed as a promising solution, which is expected to operate, either within the coverage area of the existing eNB and under the same cellular spectrum (in-band) or separate spectrum (out-band). D2D provides the opportunity for users located in close proximity of each other to communicate directly, without traversing data traffic through the eNB. It results in several transmission gains, such as improved throughput, energy gain, hop gain, and reuse gain. However, integration of D2D communication in cellular systems at the same time introduces new technical challenges that need to be addressed. Containment of the interference among D2D nodes and cellular users is one of the major problems. D2D transmission radiates in all directions, generating undesirable interference to primary cellular users and other D2D users sharing the same radio resources resulting in severe performance degradation. Efficient interference mitigation schemes are a principal requirement in order to optimize the system performance. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the existing interference mitigation schemes present in the open literature. Based on the subjective and objective analysis of the work available to date, it is also envisaged that adopting a multi-antenna beamforming mechanism with power control, such that the transmit power is maximized toward the direction of the intended D2D receiver node and limited in all other directions will minimize the interference in the network. This could maximize the sum throughput and hence, guarantees the reliability of both the D2D and cellular connections.
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Authentication in millimeter-wave body-centric networks through wireless channel characterizationAdvent of 5G technologies has ensued in massive growth of body-centric communications (BCC), especially at millimeter-wave frequencies. As a result, the portable/handheld terminals are becoming more and more “intelligent” but not without the cost of being less secure. Improved authentication measures need to be explored, as effective identity authentication is the first level of security in these devices. This paper presents a novel keyless authentication method exploiting wireless channel characteristics. Human palm has distinct transmission coefficient (S21) for each of the users and is used for in-vivo fingerprint identification in this work. A detailed channel modeling using data acquisition from real environment and empirical approach is adopted to evaluate the usability of this method. The results show that this method can provide a secure operation for the millimeter-wave 5G BCCs.
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Multiband split-ring resonator based planar inverted-F antenna for 5G applications5G, the fifth generation of wireless communications, is focusing on multiple frequency bands, such as 6GHz, 10GHz, 15GHz, 28GHz, and 38GHz, to achieve high data rates up to 10 Gbps or more.The industry demands multiband antennas to cover these distant frequency bands, which is a task much more challenging. In this paper, we have designed a novel multiband split-ring resonator (SRR) based planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) for 5G applications. It is composed of a PIFA, an inverted-L parasitic element, a rectangular shaped parasitic element, and a split-ring resonator (SRR) etched on the top plate of the PIFA.The basic PIFA structure resonates at 6GHz. An addition of a rectangular shaped parasitic element produces a resonance at 15GHz. The introduction of a split-ring resonator produces a band notch at 8GHz, and a resonance at 10GHz, while the insertion of an inverted-L shaped parasitic element further enhances the impedance bandwidth in the 10GHz band. The frequency bands covered, each with more than 1GHz impedance bandwidth, are 6GHz (5–7GHz), 10GHz (9–10.8GHz), and 15GHz (14-15GHz), expected for inclusion in next-generation wireless communications, that is, 5G. The design is simulated using Ansys Electromagnetic Suite 17 simulation software package.The simulated and the measured results are compared and analyzed which are generally in good agreement.
